These vectors are then added into the memory array or matrix (a list of vectors). A single memory is distributed to multiple attributes so that each attribute represents one aspect of the memory being encoded. The multi-trace distributed memory model suggests that the memories being encoded are converted to vectors (lists of values), with each value or “feature” in the vector representing a different attribute of the item to be encoded. Note that all models use the terminology of short-term and long-term memory to explain memory storage. In order to explain the recall process, however, a memory model must identify how an encoded memory can reside in memory storage for a prolonged period of time until the memory is accessed again, during the recall process. Retrograde memories refer to memories that occur prior to a specific point in time – generally an injury or illness that affects long-term memory.Ī variety of different memory models have been proposed to account for different types of recall. These types of amnesia indicate that memory does have a storage process. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to store new memories retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve old memories. Amnesia, a deficit in memory, can be caused by brain damage. Long-term memory storage can be affected by traumatic brain injury or lesions. However, the duration of long-term memories is not permanent unless a memory is occasionally recalled, it may fail to be recalled on later occasions. The capacity of long-term memory storage is much greater than that of short-term memory, and perhaps unlimited. Items stored in short-term memory move to long-term memory through rehearsal, processing, and use. Implicit memories are less conscious, and include procedural memories like how to ride a bike and emotional conditioning. There are two kinds of long-term memory, explicit (or declarative) and implicit memory. Explicit memories are those we can consciously remember or recall, and include episodic memories of events/experiences as well as semantic memories of common knowledge or concepts. In contrast to short-term memory, long-term memory is the ability to hold information for a prolonged period of time. When several elements (such as digits, words, or pictures) are held in short-term memory simultaneously, their representations compete with each other for recall or degrade each other. In the process of encoding, information enters the brain and can be quickly forgotten if it is not stored further in short-term memory. Short-term memory (working memory) is the ability to hold information for a short duration of time (on the order of seconds). There are two types of sensory memory, echoic memory which is the memory of sound and iconic memory which is the memory of an image. It is retained just long enough for it to be transferred to short-term (working) memory. Information from sensory memory has the shortest retention time, ranging from mere milliseconds to five seconds. Sensory memory is an automatic response considered to be outside of cognitive control. It allows individuals to remember great sensory detail about a complex stimulus immediately following its presentation. Sensory memory allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information for a brief time after the original stimulus has ceased. As a result, long-term memory can hold much more information than short-term memory, but it may not be immediately accessible. Because long-term memories must be held for indefinite periods of time, they are stored, or consolidated, in a way that optimizes space for other memories. Information in short-term memory deteriorates constantly however, if the information is deemed important or useful, it is transferred to long-term memory for extended storage. During the process of memory encoding, information is filtered and modified for storage in short-term memory. Memory storage is achieved through the process of encoding, through either short- or long-term memory. Memories are not stored as exact replicas of experiences instead, they are modified and reconstructed during retrieval and recall. Memory storage allows us to hold onto information for a very long duration of time-even a lifetime.
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